import collections import itertools import tempfile import shutil import subprocess import logging import os import sys import re import string import yaml import pkg_resources from flask import Flask, request, redirect, send_file, send_from_directory, render_template, jsonify import os.path import requests import io import arvados from markupsafe import Markup ARVADOS_API = 'lugli.arvadosapi.com' ANONYMOUS_TOKEN = '5o42qdxpxp5cj15jqjf7vnxx5xduhm4ret703suuoa3ivfglfh' UPLOADER_PROJECT = 'lugli-j7d0g-n5clictpuvwk8aa' VALIDATED_PROJECT = 'lugli-j7d0g-5ct8p1i1wrgyjvp' logging.basicConfig(level=logging.DEBUG) log = logging.getLogger(__name__ ) log.debug("Entering web uploader") if not os.path.isfile('bh20sequploader/main.py'): print("WARNING: run FLASK from the root of the source repository!", file=sys.stderr) app = Flask(__name__, static_url_path='/static', static_folder='static') # Limit file upload size. We shouldn't be working with anything over 1 MB; these are small genomes. # We will enforce the limit ourselves and set a higher safety limit here. app.config['MAX_CONTENT_LENGTH'] = 50 * 1024 * 1024 # When a file is too big we get a 413. @app.errorhandler(413) def handle_large_file(e): return (render_template('error.html', error_message="One of your files is too large. The maximum file size is 50 megabytes."), 413) def type_to_heading(type_name): """ Turn a type name like "sampleSchema" from the metadata schema into a human-readable heading. """ # Remove camel case decamel = re.sub('([A-Z])', r' \1', type_name) # Split parts = decamel.split() # Capitalize words and remove unwanted components filtered = [part.capitalize() for part in parts if (part.lower() != 'schema' and part != '')] # Reassemble return ' '.join(filtered) def name_to_label(field_name): """ Turn a filed name like "host_health_status" from the metadata schema into a human-readable label. """ # May end in a number, which should be set off by a space set_off_number = re.sub('([0-9]+)$', r' \1', field_name) return string.capwords(set_off_number.replace('_', ' ')) def is_iri(string): """ Return True if the given string looks like an IRI, and False otherwise. Used for finding type IRIs in the schema. Right now only supports http(s) URLs because that's all we have in our schema. """ return string.startswith('http') def generate_form(schema, options): """ Linearize the schema into a list of dicts. Each dict either has a 'heading' (in which case we put a heading for a form section in the template) or an 'id', 'label', 'type', and 'required' (in which case we make a form field in the template). Non-heading dicts with type 'select' will have an 'options' field, with a list of (name, value) tuples, and represent a form dropdown element. Non-heading dicts with type 'number' may have a 'step', which, if <1 or 'any', allows the number to be a float. Non-heading dicts may have a human-readable 'docstring' field describing them. Takes the deserialized metadata schema YAML, and also a deserialized YAML of option values. The option values are keyed on (unscoped) field name in the schema, and each is a dict of human readable option -> corresponding IRI. """ # Get the list of form components, one of which is the root components = schema.get('$graph', []) # Find the root root_name = None # And also index components by type name by_name = {} for component in components: # Get the name of each component_name = component.get('name', None) if isinstance(component_name, str): # And remember how to map back form it by_name[component_name] = component if component.get('documentRoot', False): # Find whichever one is the root root_name = component_name def walk_fields(type_name, parent_keys=['metadata'], subtree_optional=False): """ Do a traversal of the component tree. Yield a bunch of form item dicts, in order. Form IDs are .-separated keypaths for where they are in the structure. parent_keys is the path of field names to where we are in the root record's document tree. """ if len(parent_keys) > 1: # First make a heading, if we aren't the very root of the form yield {'heading': type_to_heading(type_name)} for field_name, field_type in by_name.get(type_name, {}).get('fields', {}).items(): # For each field ref_iri = None docstring = None if not isinstance(field_type, str): # If the type isn't a string # It may have documentation docstring = field_type.get('doc', None) # See if it has a more info/what goes here URL predicate = field_type.get('jsonldPredicate', {}) # Predicate may be a URL, a dict with a URL in _id, maybe a # dict with a URL in _type, or a dict with _id and _type but no # URLs anywhere. Some of these may not technically be allowed # by the format, but if they occur, we might as well try to # handle them. if isinstance(predicate, str): if is_iri(predicate): ref_iri = predicate else: # Assume it's a dict. Look at the fields we know about. for field in ['_id', 'type']: field_value = predicate.get(field, None) if isinstance(field_value, str) and is_iri(field_value) and ref_iri is None: # Take the first URL-looking thing we find ref_iri = field_value break # Now overwrite the field type with the actual type string field_type = field_type.get('type', '') # Decide if the field is optional (type ends in ?) optional = False if field_type.endswith('?'): # It's optional optional = True # Drop the ? field_type = field_type[:-1] # Decide if the field is a list (type ends in []) is_list = False if field_type.endswith('[]'): # It's a list is_list = True # Reduce to the normal type field_type = field_type[:-2] if field_type in by_name: # This is a subrecord. We need to recurse for item in walk_fields(field_type, parent_keys + [field_name], subtree_optional or optional): yield item else: # This is a leaf field. We need an input for it. record = {} record['id'] = '.'.join(parent_keys + [field_name]) record['label'] = name_to_label(field_name) record['required'] = not optional and not subtree_optional record['list'] = is_list if ref_iri: record['ref_iri'] = ref_iri if docstring: record['docstring'] = docstring if field_name in options: # The field will be a 'select' type no matter what its real # data type is. record['type'] = 'select' # Not a real HTML input type. It's its own tag. # We have a set of values to present record['options'] = [] for name, value in options[field_name].items(): # Make a tuple for each one record['options'].append((name, value)) elif field_type == 'string': if field_name.endswith('date'): # Use a date picker to generate a good string. # Comes back YYYY-MM-DD. record['type'] = 'date' else: # Normal text string record['type'] = 'text' elif field_type == 'int': record['type'] = 'number' elif field_type == 'float' or field_type == 'double': record['type'] = 'number' # Choose a reasonable precision for the control record['step'] = '0.0001' else: raise NotImplementedError('Unimplemented field type {} in {} in metadata schema'.format(field_type, type_name)) yield record return list(walk_fields(root_name)) # At startup, we need to load the metadata schema from the uploader module, so we can make a form for it METADATA_SCHEMA = yaml.safe_load(pkg_resources.resource_stream("bh20sequploader", "bh20seq-schema.yml")) METADATA_OPTION_DEFINITIONS = yaml.safe_load(pkg_resources.resource_stream("bh20sequploader", "bh20seq-options.yml")) FORM_ITEMS = generate_form(METADATA_SCHEMA, METADATA_OPTION_DEFINITIONS) @app.route('/') def send_home(): """ Send the front page. """ return render_template('home.html', menu='HOME') @app.route('/upload') def send_form(): """ Send the file upload form/front page. """ return render_template('form.html', fields=FORM_ITEMS, menu='UPLOAD') class FileTooBigError(RuntimeError): """ Raised when the user gives a file that is too large. """ pass def copy_with_limit(in_file, out_file, limit=1024*1024): """ Copy a file stream, and raise FileTooBigError if the file is too big. """ bytes_used = 0 buf_size = 65536 buf = in_file.read(buf_size) bytes_used += len(buf) while buf: if bytes_used > limit: raise FileTooBigError('Hit file length limit') out_file.write(buf) buf = in_file.read(buf_size) bytes_used += len(buf) def parse_input(input_string, html_type, number_step=None): """ Parse an input from the given HTML input type into a useful Python type. Also needs the step we sent to distinguish int fields and float/double fields. Raise ValueError if something does not parse. Raise NotImplementedError if we forgot to implement a type. """ if html_type == 'text' or html_type == 'select': return input_string elif html_type == 'number': # May be an int or a float. if number_step is None: # TODO: Assumes we only use the step for floats return int(input_string) else: return float(input_string) elif html_type == 'date': # Don't do our own date validation; pass it on as a string return input_string else: raise NotImplementedError('Unimplemented input type: {}'.format(html_type)) @app.route('/submit', methods=['POST']) def receive_files(): """ Receive the uploaded files. """ # We're going to work in one directory per request dest_dir = tempfile.mkdtemp() # The uploader will happily accept a FASTQ with this name fasta_dest = os.path.join(dest_dir, 'fasta.fa') metadata_dest = os.path.join(dest_dir, 'metadata.json') try: if 'fasta' not in request.files: return (render_template('error.html', error_message="You did not include a FASTA or FASTQ file."), 403) try: with open(fasta_dest, 'wb') as out_stream: # Use a plausible file size limit for a little FASTQ copy_with_limit(request.files.get('fasta').stream, out_stream, limit=50*1024*1024) except FileTooBigError as e: # Delegate to the 413 error handler return handle_large_file(e) if request.form.get('metadata_type', None) == 'upload': if 'metadata' not in request.files: return (render_template('error.html', error_message="You did not include a metadata file."), 403) try: with open(metadata_dest, 'wb') as out_stream: copy_with_limit(request.files.get('metadata').stream, out_stream) except FileTooBigError as e: # Delegate to the 413 error handler return handle_large_file(e) elif request.form.get('metadata_type', None) == 'fill': # Build a metadata dict metadata = {} # When we have metadata for an item, use this to set it. # If it is an item in a list, set is_list=True def set_metadata(item_id, value, is_list=False): # We have this thing. Make a place in the dict tree for it. parts = item_id.split('.') key = parts[-1] # Remove leading 'metadata' path = parts[1:-1] dest_dict = metadata for parent in path: if parent not in dest_dict: dest_dict[parent] = {} dest_dict = dest_dict[parent] if not is_list: dest_dict[key] = value else: if key not in dest_dict: dest_dict[key] = [] dest_dict[key].append(value) for item in FORM_ITEMS: # Pull all the field values we wanted from the form if 'heading' in item: continue if item['list']: # This is a list, serialized into form fields # We count how many values we got value_count = 0 for index in itertools.count(): # Get [0] through [n], until something isn't there. entry_id = '{}[{}]'.format(item['id'], index) if index == 1000: # Don't let them provide too much stuff. return (render_template('error.html', error_message="You provided an extremely large number of values for the metadata item {}".format(item['id'])), 403) if entry_id in request.form: if len(request.form[entry_id]) > 0: # Put an entry in the list try: # Parse the item parsed = parse_input(request.form[entry_id], item['type'], item.get('step', None)) except ValueError: # We don't like that input return (render_template('error.html', error_message="You provided an unacceptable value for the metadata item {}".format(entry_id)), 403) # Save it set_metadata(item['id'], parsed, is_list=True) value_count += 1 else: # Empty items are silently skipped. pass else: # We have run out of form fields for this list. break if item['required'] and value_count == 0: # They forgot a required item. Maybe all entries were empty. return (render_template('error.html', error_message="You omitted any values for the required metadata item {}".format(item['id'])), 403) elif item['id'] in request.form and len(request.form[item['id']]) > 0: # Not a list, but a single item which is present. try: # Parse the item parsed = parse_input(request.form[item['id']], item['type'], item.get('step', None)) except ValueError: # We don't like that input return (render_template('error.html', error_message="You provided an unacceptable value for the metadata item {}".format(item['id'])), 403) # Save it set_metadata(item['id'], parsed) elif item['required']: return (render_template('error.html', error_message="You omitted the required metadata item {}".format(item['id'])), 403) # Now serialize the file with all the items with open(metadata_dest, 'w') as out_stream: yaml.dump(metadata, out_stream) else: return (render_template('error.html', error_message="You did not include metadata."), 403) # Try and upload files to Arvados using the sequence uploader CLI cmd = ['python3','bh20sequploader/main.py', metadata_dest, fasta_dest] print(" ".join(cmd),file=sys.stderr) result = subprocess.run(cmd, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE) if result.returncode != 0: # It didn't work. Complain. error_message="Uploader returned value {} and said:".format(result.returncode) + str(result.stderr.decode('utf-8')) print(error_message, file=sys.stderr) return (render_template('error.html', error_message=error_message), 403) else: # It worked. Say so. return render_template('success.html', log=result.stdout.decode('utf-8', errors='replace')) finally: shutil.rmtree(dest_dir) def get_html_body(fn): buf = "" in_body = False begin_body = re.compile(r"",re.IGNORECASE) end_body = re.compile(r"(|.*=\"postamble\")",re.IGNORECASE) with open(fn) as f: for line in f: if end_body.match(line): break if in_body: buf += line elif begin_body.match(line): in_body = True return buf @app.route('/download') def download_page(): buf = get_html_body('doc/web/download.html') return render_template('resource.html',menu='DOWNLOAD',embed=buf) def pending_table(output, items): output.write( """ """) for r in items: if r["status"] != "pending": continue output.write("") output.write("" % (r["uuid"], r["uuid"])) output.write("" % Markup.escape(r["sequence_label"])) output.write("") output.write( """
Collection Sequence label
%s%s
""") def rejected_table(output, items): output.write( """ """) for r in items: if r["status"] != "rejected": continue output.write("") output.write("" % (r["uuid"], r["uuid"])) output.write("" % Markup.escape(r["sequence_label"])) output.write("" % Markup.escape("\n".join(r.get("errors", [])))) output.write("") output.write( """
Collection Sequence label Errors
%s%s
%s
""") @app.route('/status') def status_page(): """ Processing status """ api = arvados.api(host=ARVADOS_API, token=ANONYMOUS_TOKEN) pending = arvados.util.list_all(api.collections().list, filters=[["owner_uuid", "=", UPLOADER_PROJECT]]) out = [] status = {} for p in pending: prop = p["properties"] out.append(prop) if "status" not in prop: prop["status"] = "pending" prop["created_at"] = p["created_at"] prop["uuid"] = p["uuid"] status[prop["status"]] = status.get(prop["status"], 0) + 1 output = io.StringIO() validated = api.collections().list(filters=[["owner_uuid", "=", VALIDATED_PROJECT]], limit=1).execute() status["passed"] = validated["items_available"] for s in (("passed", "/download"), ("pending", "#pending"), ("rejected", "#rejected")): output.write("

%s sequences QC %s

" % (s[1], status.get(s[0], 0), s[0])) output.write("

Pending

") pending_table(output, out) output.write("

Rejected

") rejected_table(output, out) return render_template('status.html', table=Markup(output.getvalue()), menu='STATUS') @app.route('/demo') def demo_page(): return render_template('demo.html',menu='DEMO') @app.route('/blog',methods=['GET']) def blog_page(): blog_content = request.args.get('id') # e.g. using-covid-19-pubseq-part3 buf = None; if blog_content: buf = get_html_body('doc/blog/'+blog_content+'.html') return render_template('blog.html',menu='BLOG',embed=buf,blog=blog_content) @app.route('/about') def about_page(): buf = get_html_body('doc/web/about.html') return render_template('about.html',menu='ABOUT',embed=buf) ## @app.route('/map') def map_page(): return render_template('map.html',menu='DEMO') ## Dynamic API functions starting here ## This is quick and dirty for now, just to get something out and demonstrate the queries ## Feel free to rename the functions/endpoints, feel free to process result so we get nicer JSON ## but most likley you don't want to touch the queries, Cheers. baseURL='http://sparql.genenetwork.org/sparql/' @app.route('/api/getCount', methods=['GET']) def getCount(): api = arvados.api(host=ARVADOS_API, token=ANONYMOUS_TOKEN) c = api.collections().list(filters=[["owner_uuid", "=", VALIDATED_PROJECT]], limit=1).execute() return jsonify({'sequences': c["items_available"]}) @app.route('/api/getAllaccessions', methods=['GET']) def getAllaccessions(): query="""SELECT DISTINCT ?fasta ?value WHERE {?fasta ?x[ ?value ]}""" payload = {'query': query, 'format': 'json'} r = requests.get(baseURL, params=payload) result = r.json()['results']['bindings'] return jsonify([{'uri': x['fasta']['value'], 'value': x['value']['value']} for x in result]) # parameter must be encoded e.g. http://arvados.org/keep:6e6276698ed8b0e6cd21f523e4f91179+123/sequence.fasta must become # http%3A%2F%2Fcollections.lugli.arvadosapi.com%2Fc%3D00a6af865453564f6a59b3d2c81cc7c1%2B123%2Fsequence.fasta @app.route('/api/getDetailsForSeq', methods=['GET']) def getDetailsForSeq(): seq_id = request.args.get('seq') query="""SELECT DISTINCT ?key ?key_label ?value WHERE { ?x [?key ?value] . OPTIONAL {?key ?key_tmp_label } . BIND(IF(BOUND(?key_tmp_label),?key_tmp_label, ?key) as ?key_label)}""" query=query.replace("placeholder", seq_id) payload = {'query': query, 'format': 'json'} r = requests.get(baseURL, params=payload) result = r.json()['results']['bindings'] return jsonify([{'uri': x['key']['value'], 'key_label': x['key_label']['value'], 'value': x['value']['value']} for x in result]) # Endpoint should provide all necessary information to draw a map (!) @app.route('/api/getCountByGPS', methods=['GET']) def getCountByGPS(): query="""SELECT DISTINCT ?location ?location_label ?GPS (count(?fasta) as ?fastaCount) WHERE { ?fasta ?x[ ?location] . ?location ?GPS . OPTIONAL { ?location rdfs:label ?key_tmp_label } BIND(IF(BOUND(?key_tmp_label),?key_tmp_label, ?location) as ?location_label) } GROUP BY ?location ?location_label ?GPS """ payload = {'query': query, 'format': 'json'} r = requests.get(baseURL, params=payload) result = r.json()['results']['bindings'] return jsonify([{'count': x['fastaCount']['value'], 'Location': x['location']['value'], 'LocationLabel': x['location_label']['value'], 'GPS' :x['GPS']['value'][6:-1]} for x in result]) @app.route('/api/getSEQCountbytech', methods=['GET']) def getSEQCountbytech(): query="""SELECT ?tech ?tech_label (count(?fasta) as ?fastaCount) WHERE {?fasta ?x [ ?tech] . OPTIONAL {?tech ?tech_tmp_label } . BIND(IF(BOUND(?tech_tmp_label), ?tech_tmp_label,?tech) as ?tech_label)} GROUP BY ?tech ?tech_label ORDER BY DESC (?fastaCount) """ payload = {'query': query, 'format': 'json'} r = requests.get(baseURL, params=payload) result = r.json()['results']['bindings'] return jsonify([{'count': x['fastaCount']['value'], 'key': x['tech']['value'], 'label': x['tech_label']['value']} for x in result]) ## List all Sequences/submissions by a given tech, as example e.g. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000759 ## Has to be encoded again so should be --> http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.obolibrary.org%2Fobo%2FOBI_0000759 @app.route('/api/getSEQbytech', methods=['GET']) def getSEQbytech(): query="""SELECT ?fasta WHERE {?fasta ?x [ ] } """ tech = request.args.get('tech') query=query.replace("placeholder", tech) payload = {'query': query, 'format': 'json'} r = requests.get(baseURL, params=payload) result = r.json()['results']['bindings'] return str(result) ## Example location, encoded http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wikidata.org%2Fentity%2FQ1223 @app.route('/api/getSEQbyLocation', methods=['GET']) def getSEQbyLocation(): query="""SELECT ?fasta WHERE {?fasta ?x[ ]}""" location=request.args.get('location') query=query.replace("placeholder", location) print(query) payload = {'query': query, 'format': 'json'} r = requests.get(baseURL, params=payload) result = r.json()['results']['bindings'] return str(result) @app.route('/api/getSEQCountbyLocation', methods=['GET']) def getSEQCountbyLocation(): query="""SELECT ?geoLocation ?geoLocation_label (count(?fasta) as ?fastaCount) WHERE {?fasta ?x [ ?geoLocation] . Optional {?geoLocation ?geoLocation_tmp_label} BIND(IF(BOUND(?geoLocation_tmp_label), ?geoLocation_tmp_label, ?geoLocation) as ?geoLocation_label)} GROUP BY ?geoLocation ?geoLocation_label ORDER BY DESC (?fastaCount) """ payload = {'query': query, 'format': 'json'} r = requests.get(baseURL, params=payload) result = r.json()['results']['bindings'] return jsonify([{'count': x['fastaCount']['value'], 'key': x['geoLocation']['value'], 'label': x['geoLocation_label']['value']} for x in result]) @app.route('/api/getSEQCountbyContinent', methods=['GET']) def getSEQCountbyContinent(): query="""SELECT DISTINCT ?continent ?continent_label (count(?fasta) as ?fastaCount) WHERE { ?fasta ?x[ ?location] . ?location ?country . ?country ?continent . OPTIONAL { ?continent rdfs:label ?key_tmp_label } BIND(IF(BOUND(?key_tmp_label),?key_tmp_label, ?location) as ?continent_label) } GROUP BY ?continent ?continent_label """ payload = {'query': query, 'format': 'json'} r = requests.get(baseURL, params=payload) result = r.json()['results']['bindings'] return jsonify([{'count': x['fastaCount']['value'], 'key': x['continent']['value'], 'label': x['continent_label']['value']} for x in result]) @app.route('/api/getSEQCountbyCountryContinent', methods=['GET']) def getSEQCountbyCountryContinent(): query="""SELECT DISTINCT ?location ?location_label (count(?fasta) as ?fastaCount) WHERE { ?fasta ?x[ ?location] . ?location . OPTIONAL { ?location rdfs:label ?key_tmp_label } BIND(IF(BOUND(?key_tmp_label),?key_tmp_label, ?location) as ?location_label) } GROUP BY ?location ?location_label """ continent = request.args.get('continent') query = query.replace("placeholder", continent) payload = {'query': query, 'format': 'json'} r = requests.get(baseURL, params=payload) result = r.json()['results']['bindings'] return jsonify([{'count': x['fastaCount']['value'], 'key': x['location']['value'], 'label': x['location_label']['value']} for x in result]) @app.route('/api/getSEQCountbySpecimenSource', methods=['GET']) def getSEQCountbySpecimenSource(): query="""SELECT ?specimen_source ?specimen_source_label (count(?fasta) as ?fastaCount) WHERE {?fasta ?x [ ?specimen_source] Optional { ?specimen_source ?specimen_source_tmp_label} BIND(IF(BOUND(?specimen_source_tmp_label), ?specimen_source_tmp_label ,?specimen_source) as ?specimen_source_label)} GROUP BY ?specimen_source ?specimen_source_label ORDER BY DESC (?fastaCount) """ payload = {'query': query, 'format': 'json'} r = requests.get(baseURL, params=payload) result = r.json()['results']['bindings'] return jsonify([{'count': x['fastaCount']['value'], 'key': x['specimen_source']['value'], 'label': x['specimen_source_label']['value']} for x in result]) # Example specimen http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.obolibrary.org%2Fobo%2FNCIT_C155831 @app.route('/api/getSEQbySpecimenSource', methods=['GET']) def getSEQBySpecimenSource(): query="""SELECT ?fasta ?specimen_source ?specimen_source_label WHERE {?fasta ?x [ ] BIND (concat(?specimen_source,"_label") as ?specimen_source_label)} """ specimen=request.args.get('specimen') query = query.replace("placeholder", specimen) payload = {'query': query, 'format': 'json'} r = requests.get(baseURL, params=payload) result = r.json()['results']['bindings'] return str(result) #No data for this atm @app.route('/api/getSEQCountbyHostHealthStatus', methods=['GET']) def getSEQCountbyHostHealthStatus(): query="""SELECT ?health_status ?health_status_label (count(?fasta) as ?fastaCount) WHERE {?fasta ?x [ ?health_status] BIND (concat(?health_status,"_label") as ?health_status_label)} GROUP BY ?health_status ?health_status_label ORDER BY DESC (?fastaCount) """ payload = {'query': query, 'format': 'json'} r = requests.get(baseURL, params=payload) result = r.json()['results']['bindings'] return str(result) @app.route('/api/getSEQbyLocationAndTech', methods=['GET']) def getSEQbyLocationAndTech(): query="""SELECT ?fasta WHERE { ?fasta ?x [ ; ]}""" location=request.args.get('location') tech=request.args.get('tech') query=query.replace("placeholderLoc", location) query = query.replace("placeholderTech", tech) print(query) payload = {'query': query, 'format': 'json'} r = requests.get(baseURL, params=payload) result = r.json()['results']['bindings'] return str(result) # Example Location http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wikidata.org%2Fentity%2FQ1223 # Example specimen http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.obolibrary.org%2Fobo%2FNCIT_C155831 @app.route('/api/getSEQbyLocationAndSpecimenSource', methods=['GET']) def getSEQbyLocationAndSpecimenSource(): query="""SELECT ?fasta WHERE { ?fasta ?x [ ; ]} """ location = request.args.get('location') specimen = request.args.get('specimen') query = query.replace("placeholderLoc", location) query = query.replace("placeholderSpecimen", specimen) print(query) payload = {'query': query, 'format': 'json'} r = requests.get(baseURL, params=payload) result = r.json()['results']['bindings'] return str(result)